The
"FLAG CODE"
Previous to
Flag Day, June 14, 1923 there were no federal or state regulations governing
display of the United States Flag. It was on this date that the National Flag
Code was adopted by the National Flag Conference which was attended by
representatives of the Army and Navy which had evolved their own procedures,
and some 66 other national groups. This purpose of providing guidance based on
the Army and Navy procedures relating to display and associated questions about
the U. S. Flag was adopted by all organizations in attendance.
A few minor
changes were made a year later during the Flag Day 1924 Conference, It was not
until June 22, 1942 that Congress passed a joint resolution which was amended
on December 22, 1942 to become Public Law 829; Chapter 806, 77th Congress, 2nd
session. Exact rules for use and display of the flag (36 U.S.C. 173-178) as
well as associated sections (36
U.S.C. 171) Conduct during Playing of the National Anthem, (36 U.S.C. 172) the Pledge of
Allegiance to the Flag, and Manner of Delivery were included.
This code is
the guide for all handling and display of the Stars and Stripes. It
does not impose penalties for misuse of the United States Flag. That
is left to the states and to the federal government for the District of
Columbia. Each state has its own flag law.
Criminal
penalties for certain acts of desecration to the flag were contained in Title
18 of the United States Code prior to 1989.
The Supreme Court decision in Texas
v. Johnson; June 21, 1989, held the statute unconstitutional. This statute was
amended when the Flag Protection Act of 1989 (Oct. 28, 1989) imposed a fine
and/or up to 1 year in prison for knowingly mutilating, defacing, physically
defiling, maintaining on the floor or trampling upon any flag of the United
States. The Flag Protection Act of 1989 was struck down by the Supreme Court
decision, United States vs. Eichman, decided on June 11, 1990.
While the
Code empowers the President of the United States to alter, modify, repeal or
prescribe additional rules regarding the Flag, no federal agency has the
authority to issue 'official' rulings legally binding on civilians or civilian
groups. Consequently, different interpretations of various provisions of the
Code may continue to be made. The Flag Code may be fairly tested: 'No
disrespect should be shown to the Flag of the United States of America.'
Therefore, actions not specifically included in the Code may be deemed
acceptable as long as proper respect is shown.
§170. National anthem; Star-Spangled
Banner
The composition consisting of the words and music known as
The Star-Spangled Banner is designated the national anthem of the United States
of America.
§171. Conduct during playing
During rendition of the national anthem when the flag is
displayed, all present except those in uniform should stand at attention facing
the flag with the right hand over the heart. Men not in uniform should remove
their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the
hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should render the military salute
at the first note of the anthem and retain this position until the last note.
When the flag is not displayed, those present should face toward the music and
act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed there.
§172. Pledge of allegiance to the flag;
manner of delivery
The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, 'I pledge allegiance
to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it
stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.',
should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand
over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove their headdress with
their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the
heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the
military salute.
The following codification of existing rules and customs
pertaining to the display and use of the flag of the United States of America
is established for the use of such civilians or civilian groups or
organizations as may not be required to conform with regulations promulgated by
one or more executive departments of the Government of the United States. The
flag of the United States for the purpose of this chapter shall be defined
according to sections 1 and 2 of title 4 and
Executive Order 10834 issued pursuant thereto.
§174. Time and occasions for display
- (a) Display on buildings and stationary flagstaffs in open; night display
It is the universal custom to display the flag only from
sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open.
However, when a patriotic effect is desired, the flag may be displayed
twenty-four hours a day if properly illuminated during the hours of darkness.
- (b) Manner of hoisting
The flag should be hoisted briskly and lowered
ceremoniously.
- (c) Inclement weather
The flag should not be displayed on days when the weather is
inclement, except when an all weather flag is displayed.
- (d) Particular days of display
The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on New
Year's Day, January 1; Inauguration Day, January 20; Lincoln's Birthday,
February 12; Washington's Birthday, third Monday in February; Easter Sunday
(variable); Mother's Day, second Sunday in May; Armed Forces Day, third
Saturday in May; Memorial Day (half-staff until noon), the last Monday in May;
Flag Day, June 14; Independence Day, July 4; Labor Day, first Monday in
September; Constitution Day, September 17; Columbus Day, second Monday in
October; Navy Day, October 27; Veterans Day, November 11; Thanksgiving Day,
fourth Thursday in November; Christmas Day, December 25; and such other days as
may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of
States (date of admission); and on State holidays.
- (e) Display on or near administration building of public institutions
The flag should be displayed daily on or near the main
administration building of every public institution.
- (f) Display in or near polling places
The flag should be displayed in or near every polling place
on election days.
- (g) Display in or near schoolhouses
The flag should be displayed during school days in or near
every schoolhouse.
The flag, when carried in a procession with another flag or
flags, should be either on the marching right; that is, the flag's own right,
or, if there is a line of other flags, in front of the center of that line.
- (a) The flag should not be displayed on a float in a parade except from a staff, or as provided in subsection (i) of this section.
- (b) The flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle or of a railroad train or a boat. When the flag is displayed on a motorcar, the staff shall be fixed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the right fender.
- (c) No other flag or pennant should be placed above or, if on the same level, to the right of the flag of the United States of America, except during church services conducted by naval chaplains at sea, when the church pennant may be flown above the flag during church services for the personnel of the Navy. No person shall display the flag of the United Nations or any other national or international flag equal, above, or in a position of superior prominence or honor to, or in place of, the flag of the United States at any place within the United States or any Territory or possession thereof: Provided, That nothing in this section shall make unlawful the continuance of the practice heretofore followed of displaying the flag of the United Nations in a position of superior prominence or honor, and other national flags in positions of equal prominence or honor, with that of the flag of the United States at the headquarters of the United Nations.
- (d) The flag of the United States of America, when it is displayed with another flag against a wall from crossed staffs, should be on the right, the flag's own right, and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flag.
- (e) The flag of the United States of America should be at the center and at the highest point of the group when a number of flags of States or localities or pennants of societies are grouped and displayed from staffs.
- (f) When flags of States, cities, or localities, or pennants of societies are flown on the same halyard with the flag of the United States, the latter should always be at the peak. When the flags are flown from adjacent staffs, the flag of the United States should be hoisted first and lowered last. No such flag or pennant may be placed above the flag of the United States or to the United States flag's right.
- (g) When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they are to be flown from separate staffs of the same height. The flags should be of approximately equal size. International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that of another nation in time of peace.
- (h) When the flag of the United States is displayed from a staff projecting horizontally or at an angle from the window sill, balcony, or front of a building, the union of the flag should be placed at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half staff. When the flag is suspended over a sidewalk from a rope extending from a house to a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out, union first, from the building.
- (i) When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. When displayed in a window, the flag should be displayed in the same way, with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street.
- (j) When the flag is displayed over the middle of the street, it should be suspended vertically with the union to the north in an east and west street or to the east in a north and south street.
- (k) When used on a speaker's platform, the flag, if displayed flat, should be displayed above and behind the speaker. When displayed from a staff in a church or public auditorium, the flag of the United States of America should hold the position of superior prominence, in advance of the audience, and in the position of honor at the clergyman's or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Any other flag so displayed should be placed on the left of the clergyman or speaker or to the right of the audience.
- (l) The flag should form a distinctive feature of the ceremony of unveiling a statue or monument, but it should never be used as the covering for the statue or monument.
- (m) The flag, when flown at half-staff, should be first hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position. The flag should be again raised to the peak before it is lowered for the day. On Memorial Day the flag should be displayed at half-staff until noon only, then raised to the top of the staff. By order of the President, the flag shall be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States Government and the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, as a mark of respect to their memory. In the event of the death of other officials or foreign dignitaries, the flag is to be displayed at half-staff according to Presidential instructions or orders, or in accordance with recognized customs or practices not inconsistent with law. In the event of the death of a present or former official of the government of any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the Governor of that State, territory, or possession may proclaim that the National flag shall be flown at half-staff. The flag shall be flown at half-staff thirty days from the death of the President or a former President; ten days from the day of death of the Vice President, the Chief Justice or a retired Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives; from the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of an executive or military department, a former Vice President, or the Governor of a State, territory, or possession; and on the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress. As used in this subsection -
- (1) the term 'half-staff' means the position of the flag when it is one-half the distance between the top and bottom of the staff;
- (2) the term 'executive or military department' means any agency listed under sections 101 and 102 of title 5; and
- (3) the term 'Member of Congress' means a Senator, a Representative, a Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico.
- (n) When the flag is used to cover a casket, it should be so placed that the union is at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or allowed to touch the ground.
- (o) When the flag is suspended across a corridor or lobby in a building with only one main entrance, it should be suspended vertically with the union of the flag to the observer's left upon entering. If the building has more than one main entrance, the flag should be suspended vertically near the center of the corridor or lobby with the union to the north, when entrances are to the east and west or to the east when entrances are to the north and south. If there are entrances in more than two directions, the union should be to the east.
§176. Respect for flag
No disrespect should be shown to the flag of the United
States of America; the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing.
Regimental colors, State flags, and organization or institutional flags are to
be dipped as a mark of honor.
- (a) The flag should never be displayed with the union down, except as a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property.
- (b) The flag should never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, the floor, water, or merchandise.
- (c) The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free.
- (d) The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery. It should never be festooned, drawn back, nor up, in folds, but always allowed to fall free. Bunting of blue, white, and red, always arranged with the blue above, the white in the middle, and the red below, should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping the front of the platform, and for decoration in general.
- (e) The flag should never be fastened, displayed, used, or stored in such a manner as to permit it to be easily torn, soiled, or damaged in any way.
- (f) The flag should never be used as a covering for a ceiling.
- (g) The flag should never have placed upon it, nor on any part of it, nor attached to it any mark, insignia, letter, word, figure, design, picture, or drawing of any nature.
- (h) The flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carrying, or delivering anything.
- (i) The flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner whatsoever. It should not be embroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs and the like, printed or otherwise impressed on paper napkins or boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard. Advertising signs should not be fastened to a staff or halyard from which the flag is flown.
- (j) No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform. However, a flag patch may be affixed to the uniform of military personnel, firemen, policemen, and members of patriotic organizations. The flag represents a living country and is itself considered a living thing. Therefore, the lapel flag pin being a replica, should be worn on the left lapel near the heart.
- (k) The flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning.
§177. Conduct during hoisting, lowering or
passing of flag
During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag or when
the flag is passing in a parade or in review, all persons present except those
in uniform should face the flag and stand at attention with the right hand over
the heart. Those present in uniform should render the military salute. When not
in uniform, men should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it
at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Aliens should stand at
attention. The salute to the flag in a moving column should be rendered at the
moment the flag passes.
§178. Modification of rules and customs
by President
Any rule or custom pertaining to the display of the flag of
the United States of America, set forth herein, may be altered, modified, or
repealed, or additional rules with respect thereto may be prescribed, by the
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, whenever he deems
it to be appropriate or desirable; and any such alteration or additional rule
shall be set forth in a proclamation.
§179. Design for service flag; persons
entitled to display flag
The Secretary of Defense is authorized and directed to
approve a design for a service flag, which flag may be displayed in a window of
the place of residence of persons who are members of the immediate family of a
person serving in the armed forces of the United States during any period of
war or hostilities in which the Armed Forces of the United States may be
engaged.
§180. Design for service lapel button;
persons entitled to wear button
The Secretary of Defense is also authorized and directed to
approve a design for a service lapel button, which button may be worn by
members of the immediate family of a person serving in the armed forces of the
United States during any period of war or hostilities in which the Armed Forces
of the United States may be engaged.
§181. Approval of designs by Secretary of
Defense; license to manufacture and sell; penalties
Upon the approval by the Secretary of Defense of the design
for such service flag and service lapel button, he shall cause notice thereof,
together with a description of the approved flag and button, to be published in
the Federal Register. Thereafter any person may apply to the Secretary of
Defense for a license to manufacture and sell the approved service flag, or the
approved service lapel button, or both. Any person, firm, or corporation who
manufactures any such service flag or service lapel button without having first
obtained such a license, or otherwise violates sections 179 to 182 of this title,
shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $1,000.
§182. Rules and regulations
The Secretary of Defense is authorized to make such rules
and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of sections 179 to 182 of this title.
§182a to 182d. Repealed. Pub. L. 89-534, § 2, Aug. 11,
1966, 80 Stat. 345
§183, 184. Repealed. Pub. L. 85-857, §
14(84), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1272
§185. Transferred
§186. National motto
The national motto of the United States is declared to be
'In God we trust.'
§187. National floral emblem
The flower commonly known as the rose is designated and
adopted as the national floral emblem of the United States of America, and the
President of the United States is authorized and requested to declare such fact
by proclamation.
§188. National march
The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and
Stripes Forever' is hereby designated as the national march of the United
States of America.
§189. Recognition of National League of
Families POW/MIA flag
The National League of Families POW/MIA flag is hereby
recognized officially and designated as the symbol of our Nation's concern and
commitment to resolving as fully as possible the fates of Americans still
prisoner, missing and unaccounted for in Southeast Asia, thus ending the
uncertainty for their families and the Nation.
Miscellaneous References
UNITED STATES CODE
TITLE 4
CHAPTER 1 - THE FLAG
§1. Flag; stripes and stars on
The flag of the United States shall be thirteen horizontal
stripes, alternate red and white; and the union of the flag shall be
forty-eight stars, white in a blue field.
§ 2. Same; additional stars
On the admission of a new State into the Union one star
shall be added to the union of the flag; and such addition shall take effect on
the fourth day of July then next succeeding such admission.
§ 3. Use of flag for advertising purposes; mutilation of
flag
Any person who, within the District of Columbia, in any
manner, for exhibition or display, shall place or cause to be placed any word,
figure, mark, picture, design, drawing, or any advertisement of any nature upon
any flag, standard, colors, or ensign of the United States of America; or shall
expose or cause to be exposed to public view any such flag, standard, colors,
or ensign upon which shall have been printed, painted, or otherwise placed, or
to which shall be attached, appended, affixed, or annexed any word, figure,
mark, picture, design, or drawing, or any advertisement of any nature; or who,
within the District of Columbia, shall manufacture, sell, expose for sale, or
to public view, or give away or have in possession for sale, or to be given
away or for use for any purpose, any article or substance being an article of
merchandise, or a receptacle for merchandise or article or thing for carrying
or transporting merchandise, upon which shall have been printed, painted,
attached, or otherwise placed a representation of any such flag, standard,
colors, or ensign, to advertise, call attention to, decorate, mark, or
distinguish the article or substance on which so placed shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $100 or by
imprisonment for not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the
court. The words 'flag, standard, colors, or ensign', as used herein, shall
include any flag, standard, colors, ensign, or any picture or representation of
either, or of any part or parts of either, made of any substance or represented
on any substance, of any size evidently purporting to be either of said flag,
standard, colors, or ensign of the United States of America or a picture or a
representation of either, upon which shall be shown the colors, the stars and
the stripes, in any number of either thereof, or of any part or parts of
either, by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may
believe the same to represent the flag, colors, standard, or ensign of the
United States of America.
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